Reading Passage Question
The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.
Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.
The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.
Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.
Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at a lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant --- and thus the thermal energy it carries --- is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.
Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates-where the most heat is needed-heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.
“The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers”- is a GMAT reading comprehension passage with answers. Candidates need a strong knowledge of English GMAT reading comprehension.
This GMAT Reading Comprehension consists of 7 comprehension questions. The GMAT Reading Comprehension questions are designed for the purpose of testing candidates’ abilities in understanding, analyzing, and applying information or concepts. Candidates can actively prepare with the help of GMAT Reading Comprehension Practice Questions.
Solution and Explanation
Question 1
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes
(B) contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps
(C) describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use
(D) advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps
(E) expose extravagant claims about heat pumps as false
Answer: C
Explanation: The passage’s primary purpose is to describe heat pumps, its uses and factors affecting the use of heat pumps. First paragraph gives us the introduction of heat pumps. The second paragraph gives a brief of how heat pumps function. Fourth paragraph explains the uses of heat pumps. The last two paragraphs give us the problems and factors that affect the use of heat pumps.
Question 2
The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by
(A) carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle
(B) pointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question
(C) supplying additional relevant facts
(D) denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps
(E) explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air
Answer: C
Explanation: The first paragraph states, “thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.” Then the second one explains clearly the entire process which indeed ends up with the following. “Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house. So each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.”A series of steps to explain in very detail how it works and how inside the house you have the heat or the cool air. Option C makes a better choice.
Question 3
It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when
(A) heating is least essential
(B) electricity rates are lowest
(C) its compressor runs the fastest
(D) outdoor temperatures hold steady
(E) the heating demand surges
Answer: A
Explanation: The first sentence of the fifth paragraph tells us that “The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls.”So by extrapolation, when the temperature is higher, heating capacity is higher. It falls with falling temperature. It is also given that "where the most heat is needed-heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat." So, when the temp is higher, less heating is required but that is when the heating capacity is the most. Therefore option A is correct.
Question 4
If the author's assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?
(A) Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.
(B) Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.
(C) Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client's ability to believe.
(D) Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.
(E) Concentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as price discounts and efficiency of operation.
Answer: C
Explanation: If the author’s assessments of the use of heat pumps are correct, then advertisers should learn from the passage. Advertisers should refrain themselves from putting the facts in their ads as it might have a negative impact on the product as well as the customers.
Question 5
The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if
(A) they could also be used as air conditioners
(B) they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed
(C) their heat output could be thermostatically controlled
(D) models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively
(E) people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation
Answer: E
Explanation: The first line, "The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers.’ Claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used." Use has been held back due to scepticism about providing 2 units of energy for 1 unit of electricity. People don't appreciate the role of the evaporator. So if they do, as per the passage, the use of heat pumps should go up.
Question 6
According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to
(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed
Answer: C
Explanation: The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapour and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser. Which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporises, becoming chilled.
Question 7
The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a
(A) cause for regret
(B) sign of premature defeatism
(C) welcome challenge
(D) case of sloppy thinking
(E) focus for an educational campaign
Answer: A
Explanation: “The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by scepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy.” Author mentions it at the beginning of the passage. Then in the 4th paragraph, the author asks, has the law of energy conservation been challenged. If under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy? To which he says- “not even close.” Then in the following paragraph, he mentions another real problem of heat pumps. He concludes the passage by stating. “Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps. In extremely cold climates-where the most heat is needed-heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.”
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