BTech Civil Engineering is a 4-year undergraduate program which specializes in the design, planning, and construction of buildings and it is a professional engineering discipline that ventures with the construction, design and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. BTech Civil Engineering is one of the most popular courses under BTech.
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The BTech Civil Engineering syllabus covers many scientific topics such as mechanics, hydraulics, materials science, statistical analysis, and many more. BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus consists of elective subjects like Construction Management, Air Pollution and Solid Waste Management, Advanced Transportation Engineering, Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling, Computational Hydraulics.
Table of Contents
- BTech Civil Engineering Course Details
- BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus
- BTech Civil Engineering Subjects list
3.1 First year
3.2 Second year
3.3 Third year
3.4 Fourth year
4.1 JEE Main Class-wise Weightage
4.2 JEE Main Physics Chapter-wise Weightage
BTech Civil Engineering Course Details
| Full Form | Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering |
| Duration | 4 Years |
| Type of course | Bachelor or Graduation Degree |
| BTech Civil Engineering Admission Process | Entrance Exam Cut-off or Merit Based |
| Degree | Bachelors |
| BTech Civil Engineering Average Fees | INR 40K to 2 LPA |
| BTech Civil Engineering Average Salary | INR 3 LPA [Source: Ambition Box] |
| BTech Civil Engineering Top Companies | TATA Consulting Engineers Ltd, Hindustan Construction Company, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd, Maytas Infra Ltd, Jones Lang LaSalle, Schlumberger, Shapoorji Pallonji |
| Employment Roles | Civil Engineer, Environmental Engineer, Structural Engineer, Structural Design Engineer, Site Engineer, Project Manager, Safety Officer,Design Engineer, Construction Manager, Project Engineer etc |
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus
The Syllabus BTech Civil engineering is mentioned below
| I Year I Semester | I Year II Semester |
|---|---|
| Mathematics - I | Mathematics - II |
| Engineering Physics | Chemistry |
| Programming for Problem Solving | Engineering Mechanics |
| Engineering Graphics | Engineering Workshop |
| Engineering Physics Lab | English |
| Programming for Problem Solving Lab | Engineering Chemistry Lab |
| Environmental Science | English Language and Communication Skills Lab |
| II Year I Semester | II Year II Semester |
| Surveying and Geomatics | Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering |
| Engineering Geology | Basic Mechanical Engineering for Civil Engineers |
| Strength of Materials - I | Building Materials, Construction and Planning |
| Probability and Statistics | Strength of Materials - II |
| Fluid Mechanics | Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machinery |
| Surveying Lab | Structural Analysis - I |
| Strength of Materials Lab | Computer aided Civil Engineering Drawing |
| Engineering Geology Lab | Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machinery Lab |
| Constitution of India | Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab |
| - | Gender Sensitization Lab |
| III Year I Semester | III Year II Semester |
| Structural Analysis-II | Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering |
| Geotechnical Engineering | Environmental Engineering |
| Structural Engineering –I (RCC) | Foundation Engineering |
| Transportation Engineering | Structural Engineering –II (Steel) |
| Professional Elective-I | Professional Elective –II |
| Engineering Economics and Accountancy | Open Elective –I |
| Highway Engineering and Concrete Technology Lab | Environmental Engineering Lab |
| Geotechnical Engineering Lab | Computer Aided Design Lab |
| Advanced Communication Skills Lab | Environmental Science |
| Intellectual Property Rights | - |
| IV Year I Semester | IV Year II Semester |
| Estimation, Costing and Project Management | Professional Elective -V |
| Professional Elective –III | Professional Elective –VI |
| Professional Elective –IV | Open Elective –III |
| Open Elective –II | Project Stage-II |
| Professional Practice law & Ethics | - |
| Industrial Oriented Mini Project/ Summer Internship | - |
| Seminar | - |
| Project Stage - I | - |
See Also:
BTech Civil Engineering Subjects List
The subjects wise explanation of Civil Engineering is listed below :
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 1 Subjects
- Applied Mathematics - The objective of the subject is to facilitate the student with the basics of Applied Mathematics that are required for an engineering student.
- Applied Physics : The objective of the paper is to facilitate the student with the basics of Applied Physics aspects that are required for his understanding of basic physics.
- Manufacturing Processes - The Objective of the paper is to facilitate the student with the basic Manufacturing processes. This includes topics like Smithy and Forging, Metal joining, Sheet Metal Work, and Powder Metallurgy.
See Also: BE Civil Engineering
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 2 Subjects
- Electronic Devices - The objective of the paper is to facilitate the student with the basics of electronic aspects that are required for his understanding and applications in their respective field of study. The prerequisites are, to have a basic understanding of Applied Physics and Mathematics. See Also: Electronics Courses
- Introduction To Programming - The objective of the paper is to facilitate the student with the basics of programming aspects, using C as the primary language. This course focuses on the programming constructs which are used in other languages as well.
- Engineering Mechanics - The Objective of the paper is to give the basic principles of mechanics applied in different disciplines of engineering. See Also: Engineering Mechanics Courses
- Communication Skills: To enhance the language and communication competence of professional students with an emphasis on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) through communication skills-related activities. See Also: Communication Courses
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 3 Subjects
- Numerical Analysis And Statistical Techniques -To develop numerical ability and to impart knowledge in Statistical methods and Probability theory and their applications in Engineering to enable them to apply that for solving real-world problems.
- Strength Of Material- To develop knowledge of mechanics and to have an in-depth understanding of material responses to load.
See Also: Statistics Courses
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 4 Subjects
- Water Engineering - To familiarize the students with the basics of water quality and its treatment methods, the importance of planning, analysis and design of modern water supply schemes.
- Structural Analysis - (i) To identify determinate, indeterminate, stable and unstable structures (ii) To analyze indeterminate trusses, beams, and frames using the method of consistent deformation, slope deflection method, moment distribution and Kani’s method (v) to construct influence lines and be able to use them.
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BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 5 Subjects
- Communication Skills For Professionals - To develop communication competence in prospective engineers so that they are able to communicate information as well as their thoughts and ideas with clarity and precision. This course will also teach the basic skills required for a variety of practical applications of communication such as applying for a job, proposals and writing reports. See Also: Business Communication Courses
- Advanced Structural Analysis - This course covers advanced topics such as the structural response of arches, curved beams. The course also deals with use of basic principles of matrix methods such as flexibility and stiffness methods for the analysis of structures. The course also involves an introduction to FEM software package. See Also: Programming Courses
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 6 Subjects
- Transportation Engineering: To learn the fundamentals for alignment and geometric and pavement design of highways, various aspects of traffic engineering, highway construction materials, quality control and maintenance etc. See Also: MS in Civil Engineering
- Quantity Surveying And Cost Estimation - To learn the fundamentals of estimation of different types of civil engineering structures, analysis of rates and valuation concepts. The course also deals with different methods of depreciation and valuation of properties including case studies.
Check: All About BTech
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 7 Subjects
- Economics For Engineers- The objective of this course is to give the working engineer an overview of the economics principles often employed in effective engineering decisions as related to the planning, designing and implementation of successful civil engineering projects.
- Earthquake Technology - To introduce the basic concepts in dynamic as well as probabilistic modeling of earthquake loading and dynamic analyses/simulation with uncertainty in earthquake engineering and to introduce the basics of structural dynamic analyses with an emphasis on earthquake engineering applications.
Read More: Civil Engineer Salary
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus: Semester 8 Subjects
- Analysis And Design Of Bridges - To help students in understanding the various concepts of structural analysis and design of concrete and steel bridges.
- Planning And Management Of Construction Projects - This course is aimed at providing both basic and advanced exposure to Construction Project Management so as to enable the manager/ consultant of tomorrow to successfully plan and complete sophisticated projects within the constraints of capital, time and other resources. The course also deals with basic concepts of network analysis, O and M works, contract Management etc.
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| BTech Computer Science and Engineering | BTech Information Technology | BTech Information Science |
| BTech Computer Engineering | BTech Engineering Design | BTech Electronics Engineering |
BTech Entrance Exam Syllabus: Civil Engineering
JEE Main Full Form is the Joint Entrance Examination (Main) and It is a national-level entrance examination for engineering admission in India.
JEE Main Class-wise Weightage
JEE Main Syllabus is based on both Class 11th and 12th syllabus. Thus, to help candidates know the class-wise syllabus weightage of 11th and 12th in JEE Main over the years, the table below covers subject-wise percentage-
| Subject | Year | Class 11thWeightage | Class 12thWeightage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physics | 2022 | 47% | 53% |
| 2021 | 49% | 51% | |
| 2020 | 49% | 51% | |
| Chemistry | 2022 | 45% | 55% |
| 2021 | 47% | 53% | |
| 2020 | 45% | 55% | |
| Mathematics | 2022 | 45% | 55% |
| 2021 | 45% | 55% | |
| 2020 | 43% | 57% |
JEE Main Physics Chapter-wise Weightage
| Chapters | Total Questions in June Session | Total Questions in July Session |
|---|---|---|
| Current Electricity | 26 | 23 |
| Laws of Motion | 17 | 14 |
| Ray Optics | 13 | 15 |
| Semiconductors | 18 | 10 |
| Alternating Current | 14 | 13 |
| Magnetic Effects of Current | 17 | 10 |
| Work Power Energy | 15 | 11 |
| Capacitance | 14 | 11 |
| Gravitation | 14 | 10 |
| Electrostatics | 14 | 9 |
| Communication System | 12 | 9 |
| Dual Nature of Matter | 12 | 9 |
| Kinetic Theory of Gases | 10 | 11 |
| Mechanical Properties of Fluids | 12 | 9 |
| Motion In One Dimension | 12 | 9 |
| Thermodynamics | 14 | 7 |
| Waves and Sound | 12 | 8 |
| Oscillations | 7 | 12 |
| Thermal Properties of Matter | 12 | 7 |
| Motion In Two Dimensions | 9 | 9 |
| Atomic Physics | 7 | 10 |
| Nuclear Physics | 9 | 8 |
| Rotational Motion | 11 | 6 |
| Wave Optics | 10 | 5 |
| Center of Mass Momentum | 6 | 8 |
| Electromagnetic Induction | 8 | 6 |
| Electromagnetic Waves | 9 | 5 |
| Units and Dimensions | 7 | 7 |
| Magnetic Properties of Matter | 6 | 7 |
| Mechanical Properties of Solids | 2 | 11 |
| Mathematics in Physics | 7 | 5 |
| Experimental Physics | 4 | 6 |
JEE Main Chemistry Chapter-wise Weightage
| Chapter | Total Questions in June Session | Total Questions in July Session |
|---|---|---|
| Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers | 14 | 12 |
| Aldehydes & Ketones | 9 | 9 |
| Amines | 13 | 12 |
| Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 13 | 13 |
| Biomolecules | 13 | 10 |
| Carboxylic Acid Derivatives | 4 | 3 |
| Chemical Bonding | 14 | 15 |
| Chemical Equilibrium | 6 | 3 |
| Chemical Kinetics | 12 | 10 |
| Chemistry in Everyday Life | 13 | 9 |
| Classification of Elements and Periodicity | 8 | 8 |
| Coordination Compounds | 17 | 13 |
| d & f Block Elements | 15 | 16 |
| Electrochemistry | 15 | 8 |
| Environmental Chemistry | 8 | 7 |
| General Organic Chemistry | 22 | 20 |
| Haloalkanes & Haloarenes | 10 | 2 |
| Hydrocarbons | 11 | 11 |
| Hydrogen | 5 | 6 |
| Ionic Equilibrium | 6 | 7 |
| Isolation of Metals | 13 | 9 |
| p Block Elements (Group 13 & 14) | 6 | 8 |
| p Block Elements (Group 15-18) | 21 | 14 |
| Polymers | 10 | 8 |
| Practical Chemistry | 4 | 0 |
| Redox Reactions | 7 | 10 |
| s Block Elements | 11 | 10 |
| Solid State | 6 | 3 |
| Solutions | 12 | 10 |
| States of Matter | 5 | 7 |
| Structure of Atom | 14 | 10 |
| Surface Chemistry | 10 | 7 |
| Thermodynamics (C) | 14 | 10 |
JEE Main Mathematics Chapter-wise Weightage
| Chapter | Total Questions in June Session | Total Questions in July Session |
|---|---|---|
| Application of Derivatives | 25 | 16 |
| Area Under Curves | 11 | 8 |
| Basic of Mathematics | 2 | 1 |
| Binomial Theorem | 15 | 11 |
| Circle | 12 | 9 |
| Complex Number | 13 | 13 |
| Continuity & Differentiability | 8 | 7 |
| Definite Integration | 20 | 20 |
| Determinants | 10 | 5 |
| Differential Equations | 19 | 17 |
| Differentiation | 6 | 3 |
| Ellipse | 7 | 5 |
| Functions | 14 | 11 |
| Heights and Distances | 2 | 5 |
| Hyperbola | 8 | 9 |
| Indefinite Integration | 2 | 2 |
| Inverse Trigonometric Functions | 7 | 5 |
| Limits | 13 | 7 |
| Mathematical Reasoning | 13 | 10 |
| Matrices | 17 | 16 |
| Parabola | 12 | 9 |
| Permutation Combination | 13 | 8 |
| Probability | 13 | 13 |
| Properties of Triangles | 1 | 0 |
| Quadratic Equation | 10 | 11 |
| Sequences and Series | 17 | 19 |
| Sets and Relations | 6 | 5 |
| Statistics | 7 | 4 |
| Straight Lines | 9 | 10 |
| Three Dimensional Geometry | 25 | 20 |
| Trigonometric Equations | 5 | 4 |
| Trigonometric Ratios & Identities | 7 | 3 |
| Vector Algebra | 16 | 14 |
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus in IIT
The undergraduate Civil Engineering programme at IIT Mandi is designed to recognize the modern pace of development in infrastructure across the world. This programme provides basic knowledge in engineering geology, construction materials, solid, fluid and soil mechanics, environmental science etc See Also: List of IIT in India
| 1 st Semester | 2 nd Semester |
|---|---|
| Engineering Mathematics | Linear Algebra |
| Computing and Data science | Product Realization Technology |
| Electrical Systems Around Us | Product Realization Technology Lab |
| Electrical Systems Around Us Lab | Applied Electronics |
| Graphics for design | Applied Electronics Lab |
| Reverse Engineering | Engineering Thermodynamics |
| Creative Understanding | Data Science II |
| HS Basket Course | HS Basket Course |
| 3 rd Semester | 4 th Semester |
| Mechanics of Rigid Bodies | Foundations of Electrodynamics |
| Data Science III | Physics Practicum/Practical |
| Surveying: Traditional and Digital | Science II Basket |
| Hydraulics Engineering | Design Practicum |
| Hydraulics Engineering Lab | Strength of Materials and Structures |
| HSS basket Course | Geotechnical Engineering |
| HSS basket Course | Eng. Sciences Basket |
| Science I Basket | - |
| 5 th Semester | 6 th Semester |
| Water Resources Engineering | Design of Steel Structures |
| Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures | Wastewater Engineering |
| Transportation Engineering | Building and Pavement Materials Lab |
| Civil Engineering Drawing | Discipline Elective |
| Environment and Earth Science Lab | Free Elective |
| Free Elective | HSS Elective |
| Discipline Elective | Free Elective |
| Free Elective | - |
| 7 th Semester | 8 th Semester |
| Discipline Elective | Free Elective |
| Discipline Elective | Free Elective |
| Free Elective | MTP-II |
| HSS Elective | - |
| MTP-I | - |
| Internship | - |
See Also: Do you want to study BTech Civil Engineering Abroad?
IIT Patna BTech Civil Engineering
The syllabus for IIT Patna is :
| 1st Year: First Semester | Second Semester |
|---|---|
| Engineering Drawing | Biology and Environmental Studies |
| Electrical Sciences | Introductory Chemistry |
| Communicative English for Engineers | Chemistry Laboratory |
| Mathematics – I | Programming and Data Structure |
| Workshop | Programming and Data Structure Laboratory |
| Physics – I | Basic Electronics Laboratory |
| Physics Laboratory | Mathematics - II |
| - | Engineering Mechanics |
| 2nd Year: Third Semester: | Fourth Semester: |
| Mathematics – III | Open Elective - I |
| Humanities and Social Sciences Elective – I | Humanities and Social Sciences Elective – II |
| Geomatics Engineering | Soil Mechanics |
| Structural Mechanics | Civil Engineering Materials |
| Fluid Mechanics | Infrastructure Drawing and Estimation |
| Fluid Mechanics Laboratory | Structural Analysis |
| Geomatics Engineering Laboratory | Soil Mechanics Laboratory |
| 3rd Year: Fifth Semester | Sixth Semester |
| Open Elective - II | Humanities and Social Sciences Elective – III |
| Water Supply and Wastewater Engineering | Water Resources Engineering |
| Foundation Engineering | Construction Planning and Management |
| Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering | Design of Steel Structures |
| Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures | Transportation Engineering |
| Environmental Engineering Laboratory | Transportation Engineering Laboratory |
| Structural Engineering and Materials Laboratory | Water Resources Engineering Laboratory |
| 4th Year: Seventh Semester | Eighth Semester |
| Open Elective – III | Project – II |
| Design Studio | Departmental Elective – IV |
| Project – I | Departmental Elective – V |
| Departmental Elective –I | - |
| Departmental Elective –II | - |
| Departmental Elective – III | - |
See Also: How to become a Civil Engineer
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus in GLA University
The Syllabus for GLA University Bachelor of Technology Civil Engineering is :
| Semester I | Semester II |
|---|---|
| Engineering Mathematics I | Engineering Mathematics II |
| Engineering Chemistry/ Engineering Physics | Engineering Physics/ Engineering Chemistry |
| English Language Skills for Communication - I | English Language Skills for Communication - II |
| Basic Mechanical Engineering | Electrical Engineering |
| Surveying and Geoinformatics | C Programming |
| PRACTICALS Engineering Chemistry/ Engineering Physics Laboratory English Language Laboratory - I Engineering Workshop Practice Laboratory Surveying Laboratory Geoinformatics Laboratory |
Fundamental of Mechanics |
| - | PRACTICALS Engineering Physics / Engineering Chemistry Laboratory English Language Laboratory - II Electronics Laboratory/ Electrical Engineering Laboratory C Programming Laboratory Engineering Graphics Laboratory |
BTech Civil Engineering Syllabus in SRM Institute
The Syllabus for SRM Institute BTech Civil Engineering is :
| Semester - I | Semester - II |
|---|---|
| English | Chinese / French / German / Japanese/ Korean |
| Calculus and Linear Algebra | Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis |
| Physics: Mechanics and Mechanics of Solids | Chemistry |
| Engineering Graphics and Design | Electrical and Electronics Eng. Workshop |
| Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering | Programming for Problem Solving |
| Professional Skills and Practices | General Aptitude |
| Constitution of India | Value Education |
| Physical and Mental Health using Yoga | NSS |
| - | NCC |
| - | NSO |
| Semester - III | Semester - IV |
| Transforms and Boundary Value Problems | Numerical Methods for Engineers |
| Biology | Structural Analysis |
| Engineering Geology | Computer Aided Structural Analysis Laboratory |
| Fluid Mechanics | Hydraulic Engineering and Design |
| Fluid Mechanics Laboratory | Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory |
| Mechanics of Structures | Design of RC and Steel Structures |
| Strength of Materials Laboratory | Environmental Engineering and Design |
| Engineering Surveying | Environmental Engineering Laboratory |
| Engineering Surveying Laboratory | Social Engineering |
| Management Principles for Engineers | Critical and Creative Thinking Skills |
| Competencies in Social Skills | Business Basics for Entrepreneurs |
| Entrepreneurial Skill Development | Environmental Science |
| Semester - V | Semester - VI |
| Probability and Statistics | Highway Engineering and Design |
| Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering | Highway Engineering Laboratory |
| Geotechnical Engineering | Construction Engineering and Management |
| Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory | Construction Engineering and Management Laboratory |
| Professional Elective – 1 | Comprehension |
| Open Elective – 1 | Professional Elective – 2 |
| Open Elective – 2 | Professional Elective – 3 |
| Massive Open Online Course - I | Open Elective – 3 |
| Industrial Training- | Open Elective – 4 |
| Seminar - I | Massive Open Online Course - II |
| Analytical and Logical Thinking Skills | Industrial Training-II |
| Entrepreneurship Management | Seminar - II |
| Indian Traditional Knowledge | Employability Skills and Practices |
| - | Indian Art Form |
| Semester - VII | Semester - VIII |
| Professional Elective – 4 | Project |
| Professional Elective – 5 | Semester Internship |
| Professional Elective – 6 | Professional Enhancement Course 2 |
| Open Elective – 5 | - |
| Open Elective – 6 | - |
| Minor Project | - |
| Internship (4-6 weeks) | - |
| Professional Enhancement Course 1 | - |
BTech Civil Engineering Books
| Books | Author |
|---|---|
| Concepts of Modern Physics, [McGraw-Hill], 6th Edition 2009 | Arthur Beiser |
| Manufacturing Process | Raghuvanshi.(Dhanpat Rai and Co.) |
| Building Materials Technology | Ruth T. Brantley & L. Reed Brantley |
| Engg Mechanics | Basudeb Bhattacharya (Oxford University Press) |
| Communication Skills for Engineers | Murli Krishna, Pearson |
| B.S. Grewal. | Numerical Methods in Engg. And Science |
| Anna Dept. Of English. Mindscapes | English for Technologists and Engineers PB. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan |
BTech Civil Engineering Top colleges
The options for BTech Civil Engineering Colleges is:
| College Name | First Year Fees (INR) |
|---|---|
| Birla Institute of Technology | 2,87,000 |
| SSN College of Engineering | 50,000 |
| Amrita School of Engineering | 3,10,000 |
| Amity University | 3,11,000 |
| Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology | 4,29,000 |
| Manipal Institute of Technology | 3,35,000 |
BTech Civil Engineering FAQ
Ques. What are the subjects in BTech 1st year Civil Engineering?
Ans. The subjects in civil engineering are Physics, Chemistry, Engineering Mechanics, Computer Science etc
Ques. How many subjects are there in BTech civil?
Ans. BTech civil is a 4-year long course that is divided into 8 semesters where students study 6 subjects in a semester.
Ques. is Civil Engineering in demand?
Ans. The demand for civil engineers is increasing day by day. The demand for infrastructure projects, constructing buildings and much more structures will keep on increasing and will never be stagnant.
Ques. Is civil Engineer a happy job?
Ans. According to salary survey respondents,63.3% reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their financial compensation.85.2 % said that they were satisfied or very satisfied with their civil engineering jobs.
Ques. Which civil job has the highest salary?
Ans. The Engineering Project Managers and Engineering Managers have the highest paying jobs with an annual base salary of about INR 7,20,000 and INR 8,40,00 respectively.
Ques. Is Civil Engineering easy?
Ans. The Civil Engineering course is quite light and according to students, the only difficult part is Engineering Drawing. Before deciding on your course, know your interests and goals to make a better decision.
Ques. What are the types of civil engineers?
Ans. There are five types of Civil Engineering which are Water Engineering, Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Construction and Management Engineering, and Transport Engineering.
Ques. What are the tasks of a Civil Engineer?
Ans. A Civil Engineer helps build and maintain infrastructures such as buildings, roads, bridges or water resources. They help get water, people, goods, and electricity from one place to another creating the networks and facilities needed to make transportation possible.
Ques. What do Civil Engineers wear?
Ans. A Civil Engineer might need a hard hat and steel-toed boots or might wear a lab coat and protective glasses in some cases.
Ques. What problems do Civil Engineers face?
Ans. Civil Engineer manager needs the balance between investment in new infrastructure and the cost of maintaining existing infrastructure in optimal conditions.
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